diy baby tattoo sleeves | Risk taking behavior link in brain function

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According to the CDC, unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death for adolescents. Compared to the two leading causes of death for all Americans, heart disease and cancer, a pattern of questionable decision-making in dire situations comes to light in teen mortality. New research from the Center for BrainHealth at The University of Texas at Dallas investigating brain differences associated with risk-taking teens found that connections between certain brain regions are amplified in teens more prone to risk.

"Our brains have an emotional-regulation network that exists to govern emotions and influence decision-making," explained the studys lead author, Sam Dewitt. "Antisocial or risk-seeking behavior may be associated with an imbalance in this network."

The study, published June 30 in Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, looked at 36 adolescents ages 12-17; eighteen risk-taking teens were age- and sex-matched to a group of 18 non-risk-taking teens. Participants were screened for risk-taking behaviors, such as drug and alcohol use, sexual promiscuity, and physical violence and underwent functional MRI (fMRI) scans to examine communication between brain regions associated with the emotional-regulation network. Interestingly, the risk-taking group showed significantly lower income compared to the non-risk taking group.

"Most fMRI scans used to be done in conjunction with a particular visual task. In the past several years, however, it has been shown that performing an fMRI scan of the brain during a mind-wandering state is just as valuable," said Sina Aslan, Ph.D., President of Advance MRI and Adjunct Assistant Professor at the Center for BrainHealth at The University of Texas at Dallas. "In this case, brain regions associated with emotion and reward centers show increased connection even when they are not explicitly engaged."

The study shows that risk-taking teens exhibit hyperconnectivity between the amygdala, a center responsible for emotional reactivity, and specific areas of the prefrontal cortex associated with emotion regulation and critical thinking skills. Researchers also found increased activity between areas of the prefrontal cortex and the nucleus accumbens, a center for reward sensitivity that is often implicated in addiction research.

"Our findings are crucial in that they help identify potential brain biomarkers that, when taken into context with behavioral differences, may help identify which adolescents are at risk for dangerous and pathological behaviors in the future," Dewitt explained.

He also points out that even though the risk-taking group did partake in risky behavior, none met clinical criteria for behavioral or substance use disorders.

By identifying these factors early on, researchers hope to have a better chance of providing effective cognitive strategies to help risk-seeking adolescents regulate their emotions and avoid risk-taking behavior and substance abuse.

http://www.sciencecodex.com/study_brain_imaging_shows_brain_differences_in_risktaking_teens-139654

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diy tattoo foot pedal | I am a drug dealer not a gun dealer! Novel Defense

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David “Big Dave” Lewisbey’s only legitimate source of income was a part-time job at Home Depot.

But the 23-year-old former Thornton Township High School offensive lineman has a novel excuse for how

he got the wads of $100 bills he brandished in Facebook photos, his luxury cars and his cache of more than 100 weapons, including assault rifles and submachine guns.

“I made nearly all my money selling weed,” Lewisbey testified with a smile in federal court this week. “I’m a gun collector.”

The feds might normally be delighted to hear a defendant admit to selling up to 50 pounds of marijuana a week.

Lewisbey isn’t facing drug charges, though — he’s accused of making a small fortune by illegally supplying the guns that fuel Chicago’s deadly gang violence.  And he hopes his unusual trust-me-I’m-a-drug-dealer defense will allow him to walk free at the end of his jury trial.

Prosecutors say he took advantage of Indiana’s lax gun laws to buy duffel bags full of guns that he later sold in some of Chicago’s most dangerous neighborhoods.

Private sales between collectors in Indiana don’t require a background check, a waiting period, or paperwork — making gun shows there attractive to criminals looking to get around Illinois’ stricter gun control, authorities say.

Cellphone records from a weekend in April 2010 show Lewisbey making multiple trips back and forth between gun shows in Indiana and Chicago, where prosecutors say he and an accomplice made $38,000 selling more than 40 guns.

But Lewisbey, who spent Monday afternoon and all day Tuesday on the stand, said he only bought guns “to enhance my personal collection” and as a favor to an old pal, because he knew how to get a good deal.

“I can’t even remember all the guns I have,” he said.

He testified that he often traveled to homes in South Holland and Indiana from Texas, where he was studying, to sell drugs, not guns.

A series of his coded Facebook chats, text massages, rap lyrics and iPhone memos, which the government says describe his illegal gun business, actually refer to marijuana sales, he said.

In one message, for example, a potential customer asked for “toys” for a motorcycle gang member who was in trouble. Prosecutors allege that was a clear reference to a gun, but Lewisbey said it was a reference to “Girl Scout Toys” — a popular strain of marijuana.

He said he enjoyed hunting and hoped for a career in hotel management.

That set up a heated exchange with assistant U.S. Attorney Chris Parente.

“Let me get this straight,” Parente began his cross-examination of Lewisbey. “You’re a drug-dealing gun collector who enjoys hunting with your family, who likes living in multiple states and who has an interest in hotel management?”

“Yes,” Lewisbey replied.

Lewisbey later testified that he had buried most of his money at secret locations.

“Like a pirate?” Parente asked.



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diy fake tattoo | Adolescents at risk for substance misuse fit three subgroups

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An article in the Clinical Psychiatry News has some very interesting points about risk and subgroups as it pertains to abuse and use of illegal substances. 

By: MARY ANN MOON, Clinical Psychiatry News Digital Network
Adolescents appear to fall into three distinct subgroups at high risk of misusing drugs and other substances, based on a variety of their previous behaviors, a report published in Addictive Behaviors shows.

If future research confirms this finding, it points the way to tailoring prevention and intervention programs to these three target groups, said James A. Cranford, Ph.D., of the Addiction Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and his associates.

The investigators performed a cross-sectional Web-based survey of adolescents attending five middle schools and high schools in southeastern Michigan to assess whether certain substance-use behaviors could be used to classify them into risk groups. The 2,744 study subjects had a mean age of 14.8 years, and were equally divided between boys and girls. About 64% were white, 31% were black, 4% were Asian, and 2% were Hispanic or other ethnicities (Addict. Behav. 2013;38:2768-71).

These participants first answered questions to classify them into four categories of substance use based on their self-reported behavior during the preceding year: nonuse/low use of prescription agents; nonmedical use of prescription medications such as sleep, antianxiety, stimulant, or pain medications; excessive use of prescription medications such as the aforementioned medicines and antidepressants; or the use of illicit substances such as alcohol, marijuana, tobacco, and others.

In addition, the respondents’ substance use and their parents’ monitoring of it were assessed using several items from the Monitoring the Future instrument, internalizing and externalizing tendencies were assessed using the Youth Self-Report, and parental substance use was measured using the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test.

Nonusers/low users were the largest subgroup of adolescents (76%) and were judged to be at very low risk of substance misuse in the near future

The other three groups were considered to be at high risk of substance misuse in the near future. They included the 12% of study subjects who used tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana at least once during the preceding year; the 8% who reported alcohol, nonmedical prescription drug, and excessive prescription drug use during the preceding year; and the 4% who reported using all substances at least once during the preceding year, Dr. Cranford and his associates said.

Two parental factors – a lack of parental monitoring of the adolescents’ substance use and the parents’ own substance use – predicted membership in all three high-risk groups. This suggests that parent-focused prevention and intervention programs might be beneficial, the researchers said.

Parental factors exerted a more heightened effect on girls than on boys, which further suggests that parent-focused interventions might be particularly helpful to adolescent girls.

Adolescents who had externalizing problems were more likely than were those without such problems to misuse substances, while those who had internalizing problems were the least likely to misuse substances. Similar findings have been reported in previous studies, the investigators said.

Girls were more likely than boys were to report the nonmedical use of prescription drugs and the excessive use of prescription drugs, a trend that also has been reported in previous studies. This finding indicates that parents and teachers should be especially vigilant about possible misuse of prescription drugs among adolescent girls.

Moreover, these risks were particularly high in nonwhite girls, suggesting "a possible unique intervention target for at-risk nonwhite females," they added.

The investigators cited the completion of the survey in school and the possibility that this fact might have led to underestimates of problem behavior as a possible limitation of the study. Furthermore, the results might not be generalizable in the absence of a nationally representative study.

However, the study still "provides important evidence for the existence of distinct subtypes of adolescent substance use based on 12-months use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and illicit drugs, along with excessive medical use and nonmedical use of prescription drugs," they wrote.

This study was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse. No financial conflicts of interest were reported.

Source: Clinical Psychiatry News

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diy tattoo anchor | CDC study on Adolescene Risk Behavior

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The latest statistics on teenagers paint a rosy portrait of American teens. They’re drinking, smoking and bullying less than they used to, and fewer are getting pregnant.

“Adolescence is an inherently risky time,” says Dr. Stephanie Zaza, the director of the U.S. Centers

for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) division of adolescent and school health. “They are stretching their wings. We can’t eliminate all risk, but we are seeing overall good trends in all areas.”

Here’s a snapshot on teen behavior, based on recent reports:

• Bullying - Recent data from the U.S. Department of Education’s National Center for Education Statistics showed bullying at school was on the decline. Bullying among kids ages 12 to 18 dropped to 22% in 2013. The rate is lower than the 28-32% that was reported in all other survey years since 2005. Even cyberbullying—the use of electronic services to harass someone—has dropped. Only 6.9% of students reported being cyberbullied in 2013 compared to 9% in 2011.
  
  The study also shows that LGBT youth which have been often targeted have found increasing acceptance and major policy changes regarding same-sex marriage in the news, social norms regarding sexuality may be changing too, and that may contribute to less fighting. 

• Smoking - Teens are smoking less, too. In the last CDC National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), which analyzes health risk behaviors among high school students, revealed that the high school smoking rate had dropped to 15.7%, the lowest recorded level since the survey started in 1991. It meant that the CDC had met its goal of lowering the adolescent smoking rate to under 16% by 2020, several years early.
  
  Changes that might have had a significant impact on smoking include widespread health initiatives and big changes in social norms around smoking. Although the that data from the CDC also stated that while fewer high schools are smoking fewer cigarettes, e-cigarette use tripled among middle and high schoolers in just one year.

• Drinking - The study also revealed that  alcohol use has dropped, its still at a high of 35%. 

• Texting While Driving - Teens who text and drive is at an all time high of 41%

• Prescription Drugs - 18% of teens who report using prescription drugs without a prescriptions

Although the study is based upon multiple studies which are weaved together they begin to aint a picture on as to which types of risk taking behaviors place youth at greater risk. Parents should take this into consideration when evaluating issues surrounding behavior.


Download the entire  Bullying CDC Report
Read the E-cigarette Press Release


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diy tattoo app | Teens with Insomnia at Greater Risk for Self Harm

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A new study has found that teens who suffer from sleep difficulties, such as insomnia and short sleep duration, are significantly more likely to engage in self-harm compared to teens with healthy sleep patterns.

The findings suggest that sleep interventions be included in treatments for teens with self-harming behaviors.

“Both health care professionals and other people should be aware of the fact that good sleep routines can prevent both stress and negative emotions. Sleep regulation is one of the factors one should consider to use in preventing and treating self-harm among young people,” said lead researcher and psychology specialist Mari Hysing, Ph.D., from Uni Research in Bergen, Norway.

The researchers conducted a large population-based study using data from the youth@hordaland survey. The data included self-reports from 10,220 teenagers who were 16-19 years of age in Western Norway. They answered questions on mental health and completed a comprehensive assessment of sleep and self-harm.

A total of 702 (7.2 percent) teen respondents met the criteria for self-harm, and more than half (55 percent) of those reported harming themselves on two or more occasions.

The risk of self-harming was four times higher among the 16-19 years old adolescents who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for insomnia. The researchers also found that self-harming was more common in girls than boys, and that cutting was the most prevalent type of self-harm behavior, Hysing said.

Several types of sleeping problems were found to be linked consistently to self-harming behavior.

“Insomnia, short sleep duration, long sleep onset latency, wake after2015,  sleep onset as well as large differences between weekdays versus weekends, yielded higher odds of self-harm consistent with a dose-response relationship,” said the researchers.

Teens who had engaged in self-harm behaviors also showed higher levels of depression, perfectionism, and symptoms of ADHD. The researchers add that depressive symptoms accounted for some, but not all, of the connection to self-harming.

However, having symptoms of ADHD remained significant even in the fully adjusted analyses, the researchers emphasize.

To help prevent teens from engaging in self-harming behaviors, the researchers suggest interventions that incorporate healthy sleeping habits as a part of the treatment.

The research findings are published in the British Journal of Psychiatry.

Source Psychcentral

Source: Uni Research

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